Before European Hegemony Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In my opinion, the period covered in the readings is important from the point of view of understanding why Europe rose to prominence after the middle ages and what were the contributing features to the rise of Europe in the latter part of the millennium. Further, the fact that Islamic civilization flowered during these times is an important indicator of the way things were in the world system during the middle ages. The fact remains that there is always an ebb and flow of the civilization’s characteristic and the point that though the crusades had failed, Europe rose to pre-eminence mostly as a consequence of learning the lessons from the debacle and the fact that there were renewed bursts of activity in the period immediately following the Middle Ages. The European renaissance began mostly as a result of the rise in cities following the crusades. In this part of the paper, I look at the development of cities and the role that they played in this tumultuous chapter of world history. To quote from the readings, â€Å"The thirteenth century was remarkable for the way in which so many cultures across the old world and the new world came together† (Abu-Lughod, 4) This quote underscores the fact that this was time when the leading powers of the world engaged with each other culturally and economically to produce a fusion of sorts in the scientific advances that were a hallmark of the world system. According to Abu-Lughod, the development of capitalist systems of thought and practice began during this period as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Before European Hegemony or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The readings note that the dating of the capitalist system is something that has eluded many people including Marx. However, Abu-Lughod makes a strong pitch for the theory that the early beginnings of the capitalist system began in the time period corresponding to the middle ages. The readings make it clear the exchanges in commerce and trade that characterized this time and the resultant rise in mercantilist tendencies that accompanied the exchange can be thought of as the beginnings of capitalist systems. The middle ages were the first time in world history where established cities began to play a dominant role in the affairs of the regions and the countries. The fact that Cairo revived itself after the Black Death meant that the cities of the countries covered in the readings had their own forms of rejuvenation and revitalization that laid the foundations for their subsequent recovery. This is an important lesson for students of history concerne d with the rise and fall of civilizations.

The Importance Of Faulkners Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance...

What defines a writer and their ability to deliver a message? Is it their level of eloquence? Or is it the topic that they decided to dedicate their time to writing about? To simply answer, yes and yes. Being a writer does require all of the above, but it necessitates something more. It requires the passion and ardor that one has to bring into their writing. In a time of fear and anguish, most might lose that passion that sparked in them, leaving behind a passionless and hopeless shell. In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech at the Nobel Banquet, these were the issues William Faulkner had to address. Using his platform for something greater, Faulkner delivered his speech, not only to accept his award but to advise the future†¦show more content†¦To the future generations of writers that Faulkner was speaking to, they would fulfill his wishes. Over 50 years later, University of Chicago economist, Steven D. Levitt, and New York Times journalist, Stephen J. Dubner, combined their knowledge and skills and created the book, Freakonomics. The book follows an economist, Levitt, as he explores the â€Å"hidden side of everything† and explains it all in a different, unconventional perspective. It takes on the topic of morality and economics as he, along with Dubner, ask and answer many questions such as, which is more dangerous, a gun or a swimming pool? What do schoolteachers and sumo wrestlers have in common? Or why do drug dealers still live with their moms? As the reader can see, these questions aren’t the usual conventional ones. It takes on an unprecedented vi ew as Levitt and Dubner research and give a whole new perspective on how the world works. As they answer these unconventional questions, it show the consideration, thoughtfulness, and research that Levitt and Dubner went through in order to give the proper answer. Yet not only do they give the answers but they give a thorough explanation as they navigate the readers through their entire thinking process, showing the passion and deliberation that they put into making this book. Consider the question that Levitt and Dubner asked in chapter five, which is more dangerous, a gun or a swimming pool? MostShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesmention the word â€Å"declarative.† Also, we usually don’t use the word â€Å"logically.† ────CONCEPT CHECK──── Create two sentences about basketball that are inconsistent with each other. ────5 Examples of Good Reasoning So far weve explored the importance of reasoning logically in situations that require a decision—either a decision about what to do or a decision about what to believe. Along the way weve introduced a variety of rules of thumb for good reasoning, that is, high-quality reasoning

Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(96) " rights of all the occupants and carry out disposal consistent with the values of degeneration\." 1.0 Introduction This papers nowadayss proposed sentiment canvass research. The sentiment canvass aims at reading the market and calculate public sentiment on their perceptual experience on political campaigners. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifying of sentiment canvass It is an effort to happen out what components of Embu county in general, what they think about a Embu county leading and the capableness of the prospective campaigner. This Public sentiment is influenced by the new development in the Kenya new fundamental law and peculiarly power degeneration to the county degree. Purpose of sentiment canvass The Purpose of the proposed sentiment canvass research will be to assist the prospective campaigner know most of the components. 1.4 Goal of sentiment canvass The end of the proposed sentiment canvass is to plan and to develop a scheme that will happen the winning statements for the run, its strengths and failings, every bit good as the strengths and possible exposures of your opposition, by to hold a dependable step of public sentiment through a custom-designed questionnaires for for the campaigners County. 1.5 Objective of the sentiment canvass 1. To have nonsubjective sentiment, non subjective sentiments, and learns what events will impact public sentiment. 2. To guarantee that the research findings read the market and calculate public sentiment on their perceptual experience on the political campaigner. 3. To inform the prospective political campaigner about the canvass consequences, findings, the deduction on their campaigning and subsequent authorization at the county. 1.6 This proposal contain A Planning Model: Goals set, mark audiences, strategic consequences to be identified. A campaign/ political Communications Scheme: Substantial and operational precedences and attacks. A Program Plan: Programs, plan direction, and plan resources set to implement the scheme. Components Plans: Execution programs for campaign/ political Communications Strategy. 1.7 Background to county In the proposed bill of exchange fundamental law, Kenya is to be divided into 47 counties based on the territories created in 1992. With respect to degeneration, the state will hold a authorities construction with two domains: national and county authoritiess. The remotion of parts has efficaciously left county authoritiess as the point of balance between the national and the county authoritiess. Removal of parts has besides shifted sub-national peace and integrity attempts from parts to the local degree. The bill of exchange does non order a entire inspection and repair of the current local authorities construction ; it leaves the issue unfastened until such a clip that new local authorities statute law will be enacted. A careful reading of the bill of exchange shows that proposed county authoritiess will execute both cardinal and local authorities maps. The proposed devolved authorities has the aim of heightening national integrity through acknowledgment of diverseness. This means county authoritiess will hold to exert their maps in a mode that promotes local harmoniousness. This will chiefly be achieved through just and democratically agreed precedences for local development. Further, local peace can be achieved through a politically inclusive attack to development, which accommodates minority involvements. In this manner, communities will be united by a normally agreed development docket. Matters such as assignments to county authorities places should reflect the diverseness of the communities served by the several county authoritiess. The county authorities will be the closest direct contact with local communities. 1.7.1 Vision One of the cardinal reforms of the Constitution is the constitution of degeneration through county authoritiess. Chiefly, it is a response to the tremendous centralization of province power at the Centre and in the presidential term, accentuated by the abrasion of local authorities. For many people, the chief contact with authorities has been with Provincial and District Commissioners and Chiefs, finally responsible to the President. On a more political degree, the centralization of power, by and large exercised by a little clique of people around the President, marginalised communities and parts that were perceived to be opposed to the government. Economically, endeavors and employment tended to concentrate in Nairobi, and led to migration from rural to urban countries. For an apprehension of the grounds for degeneration, one can non make better than read Article 174.They include democratization, answerability, increased cheques and balances, national integrity, recognizing diverseness and protecting minorities, economic development and entree to services, and just sharing of national and local resources. This is an ambitious docket, carried over from the CKRC and Bomas bill of exchanges, but without the same institutional agreements and devolved powers. Degeneration is partially a affair of jurisprudence and partially of conventions and pattern. It will come into consequence merely after the following General Elections, when the county assemblies and governors will be elected. There is adequate flexibleness as to the development and operation of the system. Powers and money will be transferred merely when the capacity to manage them has been established in the county. County authoritiess could hold that the national authorities should make certain things for them, or the national authorities could hold that the counties, or those of them with the capacity, should take over certain national authorities maps. Torahs can be made to give new powers to the counties. The system is to be phased in so that maps are transferred bit by bit to counties that can manage them, and non all counties need acquire all the powers at the same clip. Although the national authorities can do Torahs about everything, including subjects on which counties may do Torahs, national authorities jurisprudence will take precedency merely if there is good ground for holding national instead than county Torahs. Flexibility is doubtless a good thing, but it requires complex systems of dialogue and determination devising. The fundamental law recognizes this and provides for co-operation between the national and county authoritiess, with a critical function for the Senate as a kind of negociating forum at the same clip as it protects the involvements of counties. There are besides mechanisms for guaranting that counties observe the rights of all the occupants and carry out disposal consistent with the values of degeneration. You read "Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" On the other manus, it is of import that the national authorities realises that degeneration is an indispensable constituent of the new system of the province – and counties have constitutionally guaranteed position and powers – and defy the enticement to order to them. Despite this positive model, there are serious anxiousnesss about degeneration. Paradoxically, some are disquieted about excessively much powers being handed over to counties, others ( like us ) that excessively small power is guaranteed. But we have noted above the flexibleness in this respect. Some fear favoritism against minorities within the counties, and the inclination of the dominant cultural group to allow all county offices and resources. Groups who have migrated into a county in recent times are fearful even of eviction. We must take these anxiousnesss earnestly. The fundamental law does cover with them. All citizens have equal rights where of all time they live, and the Bill of Rights has a strong system of enforcement. Some liberty can be provided for minorities located in countries where they are numerically prevailing through local authorities. Minorities are to be proportionately represented in county assemblies and the executive. Ultimately, there is authorization for the national authorities to step in in a county which violates the rights of its occupants ( under the class of â€Å" exceeding fortunes † ) , after question by an independent committee. While fright of favoritism is apprehensible, it is of import to remind ourselves that an of import intent of degeneration is to increase national integrity, non endanger it. Leaderships at the county degree, every bit much as at the national degree, have constitutional duties to advance inter-ethnic harmoniousness, societal justness and the protection of human rights. Groups which have suffered in the past due to revengeful policies of the cardinal authorities will now happen it easier, through the county system, to experience secure, take part in public personal businesss, negotiate with the national authorities and incorporate politically. If this happens, national integrity will be strengthened. And this will be assisted by the demand of just distribution of resources, and particular aid to the less developed counties. There are besides anxiousnesss about the fiscal deductions of degeneration. The costs attributed to degeneration are non new costs: we already have budgets for territories, including for county councils, some points of the bing cardinal authorities budget will be transferred to counties as the maps are transferred, and we already have some financess which are on a regular basis earmarked for territories. Hopefully, the Salaries and Remuneration Commission will set up realistic wages for public officers, and the jurisprudence might see supplying merely allowances, non wages, for members of county assemblies, as their maps will non name for full clip committedness – an attack favoured by the CKRC. But, more significantly, there is no â€Å" nothing amount † arithmetic in these affairs. Degeneration has the possible to open up new chances for economic development, and the rise of new growing Centres as county authoritiess experience the force per unit area to present to the new electorates. We need to set degeneration in the context of the new fundamental law. The fundamental law is about democratisation, with the people at the Centre of the political system. Degeneration can be really empowering, as the illustration of India and several other states has shown. But it will non go on automatically, and we need to remind ourselves how dreadfully incorrect waies county authoritiess can take. Those who are already tasting chances of governorships, senatorships, and other moneymaking offices should retrieve that the new fundamental law is about service to the people, the unity of leading, the criminalisation of incitation to cultural hates, the publicity of just disposal, and finally inclusion of all. The fundamental law besides calls upon the people to see to it that the leaders they choose respect these values. Chapter Two: Situation ANALYSIS 2.0 Analyzing the state of affairs Embu County Profile Embu County is one of the 13 Counties in Eastern Province. The County is bordered by Mbeere County to the East and South-East, Kirinyaga County to the West and Tharaka Nithi County to the North. It is divided into five administrative divisions viz. Central, Kyeni, Manyatta, Nembure and Runyenjes. The County occupies a entire country of 729.4 kmA? . Manyatta division is the largest with an country of about 208 kmA? followed by Runyenjes, Kyeni, Nembure and Central division in that order to cover about 30 per cent of the territory country. Runyenjes Division is the largest with an country of 148.5 kmA? ( 20 % ) followed by Manyatta, Kyeni and Nembure busying 14.7 kmA? , 14.4 kmA? and 12.1 kmA? . Central Division is the smallest with 70.6 kmA? . In footings of population, Manyatta Division has the highest accounting for 25.6 % . Runyenjes was 2nd with 23 % , Central 18.9 % , Kyeni 17.4 % , Nembure 14.9 % and the least was Mt. Kenya with 0.1 % . Population densenesss are comparatively high, with Central Division holding 869 individuals per kmA? in twelvemonth 2010. This is chiefly due to its urban features since it includes Embu Municipality. Runyenjes Division the lowest denseness of 454. Demographic and population profile Harmonizing to the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Embu territory had a entire population of 288,196 It is expected to turn at a rate of 1.7 per centum lifting to 294,061 in twelvemonth 2005 and 294,558 at the terminal of the program period ( twelvemonth 2010 ) . The projections shown in table 3 below indicates that the immature population of less 15 old ages comprises 38 % of the entire population while the proportion of those age 60 old ages was estimated at 5.6 % . Both groups will add up to 43.6 % connoting a dependence ratio of 100:73. The big figure of dependents will take to a low nest eggs and strive the bing wellness instruction installations. The female population is higher than males, with a sex ratio of 96 males to 100 females as at 1999. All the age cohorts except 0-4, 5-9 and 45-49 have higher females than male population. This could be due to more males than females migrate to urban Centres in hunt of employment chances. Social welfare indexs Education The population of primary school traveling kids is projected to increase from 56,484 recorded in 1999 to 65,822 in twelvemonth 2008 stand foring an absolute addition of 16.5 % or 9,338. The challenge for the county during the program period is should hence be enlargement of primary instruction installations and constitution of young person engineering schools to provide for primary school bead outs. The secondary school traveling age group ( 14-17 ) stood at 29,316 during the 1999 Population and Housing Census. It is projected to increase from 34,163 in 2008. This tendency calls for both the enlargement of bing secondary schools and constitution of new 1s as the increased degree of instruction is a pre-quisite to human development and hence poorness decrease. Labour force Harmonizing to 1999 Population and Housing Census, labour force estimations stood at 159,697, stand foring 57 % of the entire population as at that clip. It is projected to increase to 186,596 by the terminal of the twelvemonth 2008. This calls for the creative activity of occupation chances to fit growing. Poverty analysis Harmonizing to the Report on Poverty in Kenya 2000, the figure of people in absolute poorness in Embu was 56 % of the entire population. Embu County Poverty Assessment identifies the landless, the destitute, individual female parents and the slum inhabitants as the subdivisions of the population representing the hapless. The causes of poorness include hapless entree to H2O, unequal substructure, the territory is semi-arid and is characterized by relentless drouth, unemployment of the young person which increases dependence, unavailability to recognition installations etc. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS have made people poorer as most kids are orphaned after their parent ‘s decease. Embu County had 31 wellness installations in 1996. Out of these, 5 are infirmaries, 3 are wellness Centres and 23 are dispensaries. In add-on, there are 84 private clinics. The wellness installations are equally distributed in the County although Central division is better covered because of the presence of the Provincial General Hospital. The infirmary serves as a referral establishment for other Counties. Government provides about 90 % of the wellness attention in the County. Missions and Private Medical practicians provide the remainder of the wellness attention. The ratio of infirmary beds to population is 1:522 while doctor/patient ratio is 1:10,482. The territory has 32 registered clinical officers and 470 nurses. The mean distance to the nearest installation is 10 Km. The top 10 diseases in Embu County are malaria, URTI, tegument diseases, enteric worms, accidents, oculus infections and diarrhea. Others are dental upsets, ear infections and rheumatism. Malaria histories for approximately 30 % of the disease instances in the territory. The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the territory is estimated at 26 per centum. The overall impact of this flagellum will be felt in all sectors. There is, hence, demand for continued creative activity of consciousness. There is besides need for proviso of protective steps and a greater intersectoral coaction at all degrees. At the family, small town and community degrees, HIV/AIDs epidemic has strained societal cloth, overwhelmed traditional support and attention systems and traumatized households. This is a consequence of the addition in figure of AIDs Orphans, swelling figure of street kids in towns and the rush of the figure of the aged destitutes who have lost the adult-children who supported them. The HIV/AIDs pandemic has had negative consequence on the industrial labor and productiveness and has led to increased labor costs. The HIV/AIDs pandemic has besides increased the cost of wellness attention to those infected and affected every bit good as the whole wellness attention system due the increased figure of people seeking intervention for AIDs related timeserving diseases. Population and development The population of Embu County in 2002 was estimated to be 290,312 and was turning at 1.7percent per annum. The effects of this growing rate on the societal and economic development in the territory are manifested in unemployment, high dependence ratio and poorness. There were a sum of 67,406 families with an mean family size of 4. Female-headed families were 16,740 stand foring 24.9 % of the entire population. Poverty degree ( absolute ) in the territory is rather high and stands at 56 % per centum. Embu County Population 2010 Age cohort Year Male Female 0-4 16324 15439 5-9 20022 18785 10-14 22667 21286 15-19 20049 19569 20-24 13396 14989 25-29 10426 12251 30-34 8462 9738 35-39 6987 7881 40-44 5932 6219 45-49 4856 5069 50-54 3755 4236 55-59 2909 3320 60-64 2003 2125 65-69 1644 1804 70-74 1482 1776 75-79 1517 2042 80+ 2631 2967 Entire 145061 149497 Main issues/problems in the territory The chief issues/problems refering population and development in the territory are hence: ( I ) Population and development. The issue here is weak integrating of population concerns into development planning that is chiefly due to miss of DIDC and stock list of establishments covering with population and development programmes. ( two ) Population and environment. Environment preservation has been one of the major restraints confronting Embu. This is chiefly due to poverty goaded devastation of the environment and unequal enforcement of bing environmental Torahs taking to environmental debasement and Poor waste disposal methods. ( three ) Young person and Children. High unemployment rate, high rate of school bead out for young person ( both sexes ) after induction ( Circumcision ) , lifting incidences of drug maltreatment and immorality among the young person, , high rate of early matrimonies and gestations and malnutrition taking to scrawny growing in kids are the major concerns impacting young person and kids. Children have no rights to protection, whereas the figure of orphans is on the addition. ( four ) Family. Irresponsible ingestion of spirits taking to household instability ; increased Numberss of individual parentage ; force in the household taking to separation/divorce, increased orphans, widow and widowmans were some of the issues that affected households in Embu. ( V ) Elderly and People with Disabilities. Problems confronting aged people and people with disablements include increased poorness, increased rates of forsaking of aged individuals and PWD ‘s, unequal shelter and wellness for the aged and PWD ‘s and stigmatisation of people with disablement Analysis of instutions involved in population programmes The undermentioned institutions/NGOs/CBOs/Ministries were identified as best suited to set about programmes to turn to the population and development issues raised above ; Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Home Affairs ( DSDO ) , Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Ministry of Environment, Local Community and NGOs – ( FIDA, MYWO etc ) A ; Religious Organizations. The tabular array below outlines the consequences of the SWOT analysis for the chief establishments that are expected to implement population and development issues: MOH, CBS, DCR, DDO, DSO, DALEO and, OOP. Integration of population variables in the development procedure Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Planning A ; National Development – Highly trained forces – Handiness of fiscal resources -logistical support -Mismanagement of the available resources – Poor motivated staff -Poor execution of the planned activities -Expanded web -Donor support -Competition for financess from -NGOS and spiritual organisations Population and environment Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry Of Environment And Natural Resources – well trained forces – available fiscal resources – logistical support – clear policy guidelines -low morale of staff – low committedness to work – international support from bureaus like UNEP – transitions and expanded web – High population growing rate may take to environmental debasement – Nongovernmental organization may give contradictory messages to the communities they are functioning Children and young person Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministries of Education Science A ; Technology, Home Affairs A ; National Heritage and Labour A ; Manpower Development NGOs – FPAK, Kenya Scouts, -Trained Forces – Logistic Support – Being of Institutions That Provide Education To Children And Youth – Strong Legal Backing – Resources – Highly Trained/ Motivated Personnel – Strong Mgt off programmes – Lack Of Poor Implementation Of Planned Programmes – Poor Enforcement Of The Laid Down Law – Inadequate Resources – Ill Motivated Staff – Poor Sustainability Of Programmes – Limited Coverage Of Programmes Being Implemented – Strong Government Support – Strong Donor Support – Strong Donor Support – Community Support For Programmes/Projects – Government Support – Being Of Expanded Network – High Poverty Levels Of The People Which Affects Child Care – High Hiv/Aids Prevalence Leading To High Mortality – Illiteracy Of The People – Donor Dependence 4.Family Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS AND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION – Trained Personnel, – Wide Coverage Favoured by Donor Community – Inadequate Staff, -Inadequate Logistic Support – Good Networking And Collaborations -Donor And Community Support – High staff abrasion – Transportation of Staff Aged and people with disablement Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS ( DSDO ) -Adequate Office Accommodation, – Available Resource Centre, -Sufficient Logistics A ; -Inadequate Staff, -Services Are Concentrated In Some Partss Of The District – Donor Support, – GOK Support, – Good Networking With Other Stakeholders – Sustainability Of Programmes, – Poor Community Participation Gender positions in development Gender can be defined as the function, rights and duties that civilization and society attach to persons harmonizing to whether they are male or female which translates into privileges enjoyed by their sex. Normally society attaches values, norms and functions to males and female that causes gender disparities that are seen in all domains of life. These disparities include marginalisation of adult females in instruction, income and belongings rights and deficiency of recognition In Embu County the undermentioned issues related to gender were identified: Main issues/problems oˆ‚? Reversal of functions in old age taking to depression of the aged work forces oˆ‚? Preferential ( prejudice ) intervention of male childs. oˆ‚? Low engagement of work forces in farm and off farm activities. Analysis of establishments covering with gender The cardinal establishments that can cover with the gender issues mentioned above in the territory are ; MOEST, MOH, FPAK, DSDO, MYWO, Churches, Provincial Administration, Children Department. A SWOT analysis of the chief establishments ( DSDO, DALEO and CBO ) that can turn to gender concerns in the territory revealed the followers: Gender position in development Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Non-Governmental Organizations ( MYWO ) – Strong web – possesses committed forces – there are ongoing undertakings which are successful – fiscal support from community and givers – the organisation supports chiefly adult females – the organisation is politicized at the lower degree – has goodwill from the local communities – giver support – political intervention – competition from NCWK Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Home Affairs, Heritage A ; Sports – Hour angle fiscal resources for programmes and activities – has the legal backup – qualified forces up to lower degree – low morale of staff – deficiency of equipment to ease better working environment – bureaucratism in determination devising – expanded web to the locational degree – competition in execution of activities from MYWO and NCWK Generative wellness ( RH ) Generative Health ( RH ) as defined by World Health Organization ( WHO ) , is by and large a province of complete physical, mental, and societal well being in all affairs related to the RH system, and non simply the absence of disease or frailty. RH attention system therefore is inclusive of all promotive, preventative and healing services that will be contributing to the well being of the person in human reproduction and gender. In Mbeere County, different facets of proviso of generative wellness services were found to be desiring. Issues/problems related to Reproductive Health ( RH ) oˆ‚? Despite Embu County holding over 31 wellness installations, several jobs impacting generative wellness were highlighted. These include: oˆ‚? Inadequate attention and support for those septic and affected by HIV/AIDS oˆ‚? Inadequate no. of specialised fact-finding equipment in wellness installations oˆ‚? Inadequate wellness forces in the territory oˆ‚? Lack of young person friendly and male merely clinics in the territory oˆ‚? High incidence of FGM in the County. oˆ‚? Low usage of rubbers due to miss of sufficient instruction. Analysis of cardinal establishments involved in RH services An analysis ( SWOT Analysis ) of the cardinal establishments involved in RH services and STI/HIV/AIDs identified the Ministry of Health and the Office of the President as the key establishments that deal with the Reproductive Health Services in Embu County. Other groups that deal with RH STI/HIV/AIDs are the DSDO and NGOs. The SWOT analysis of MOH and other chief suppliers of Reproductive Health services are as follows: Generative Health ( RH ) Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MoH – Sustainability of ongoing programmes – expanded web of activities – extremely motivated and committed staff – available fiscal resources – strong corporate image – uncertain when givers pull out – limited coverage of activities to certain countries merely – poorness of the general population taking to non usage of the available services – there is community support for the programmes/projects authorities support – political intervention – competition from NCWK – competition for clients from other NGOS/private sector STI/HIV/AIDS One of the RH concerns that have continued to impact a big population of Kenyans in their generative ages is STI/HIV/AIDS. In Embu District HIV prevalence is of great concern. Unless the spread of HIV/AIDs is checked the territory faces an at hand catastrophe. The civilization beliefs and poorness in the community are some of the major factors that have contributed to the rise in infection rate in the territory. The issue/problems that require pressing attending include: – Main issues/problems Issues/problems that require pressing and conjunct attempts in the territory are: oˆ‚? High incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS oˆ‚? slow behavioral alteration oˆ‚? inadequate attention and support for orphans Analysis of establishments that trades with HIV /AIDS issues The Ministry of Health, NACC, OP, NGOs ( YWCA, KESPA ) and spiritual organisations ( ACK ) were identified as major establishments that can spearhead the battle against HIV/AIDs. A SWOT analysis of MOH/NCC revealed the followers: and fiscal facets of the programmes as summarized in the tabular array below: – Integration of population variables in the development procedure Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Health, NACC – Expanded web to the grass root degrees and communities – extremely qualified forces – handiness of fiscal resources – hapless direction of available resources – deficiency of confidentiality of information particularly those septic – giver support for programmes and activities – community support for projects/programmes – expensive drugs, which can non be purchased by those septic – high poorness degrees of the population – deficiency of acceptance/stigmatization of those septic Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Non Governmental Organizations ( MYWO, KCS, ACK, FPAK ) – Qualified and committed forces – available fiscal resources – have web to rural countries – hapless coordination of programme execution – hapless direction of resources allocated for activities – sustainability of programmes in uncertainty – have an expanded web that can be exploited for their benefit – community support strong – there is authorities support for programmes – over dependance on giver support – competition among NGOs for donor support of activities 3.0 Chapter Three: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF OPINION POLL Develop realistic, specific and mensurable aims that identify PSC ‘ outlooks. The adviser will: a ) Identify ultimate Embu County place being sought B ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable aim that identify Leadership anticipated impact on consciousness, credence and action of each cardinal constittuent to the prospective campaigner degree Celsiuss ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the campaigner quality Table Drumhead Contentss of a logical model A Narrative Summary Verifiable Indexs Meanss of Confirmation Important Premises Goal: Develop realistic, specific and mensurable aims that identify PSC communicating outlooks. At the Agreement degree, within the period of this undertaking ( estimated clip ) A -Promotion of â€Å" bottom line † favorable public policy result A -Reduction cost of making run A -Support campaigning/operational effectivity Components will Support sentiment canvass cardinal implementers A -The program can be implemented given the resources, and civilization of the organisation Purpose: to incorporate all the PSC communicating plans, public instruction and protagonism attempts. A sentiment canvass planning Model A Proposed sentiment canvass Strategy: A sentiment canvass Program Plan Opinion canvass Components Plans -Goals set, mark audiences, strategic consequences identified A Programs, – Substantive and operational precedences and attacks defined – sentiment canvass plan direction, and plan resources set to implement the scheme -Implementation programs for sentiment canvass Should incarnate an iterative, orderly sentiment canvass procedure Should include audience with constitutional Key authorization and cardinal implementers Must reflect the cooporation and necessitate for/development attitude civilization, End products: constitutional sentiment. -Key scheme that provides the model for Opinion canvass related work of the county -Data collected from the component sentiment canvass study Correct and nonsubjective consequences Activities: a ) Identify and analyse the component with whom the county service and county leading interaction ( cleavage ) B ) Identify wants, footings, and outlooks degree Celsius ) Identify component demand vitamin D ) Identify societal, economic, political, cultural and technological trendsoutputs. vitamin E ) Identify ultimate County place being sought degree Fahrenheit ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable sentiment canvass objectives that identify Leadership anticipated impact on consciousness, leading credence and action of each cardinal public degree Fahrenheit ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the prospective campaigner development issue during the sentiment canvass g ) Determine the grade to which stated sentiment canvass aims have been met A identify concerns, precedences, issues, consensus Coevals of relevant cognition that will assist in Opinion canvass -All components A -Anyone who will be â€Å" at the tabular array † to O.K. strategic planning proposition A – All cardinal Implementers A – Parties who will be called on to implement the scheme 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: Action Plan Create action programs and way for the organisation activity and cardinal messages. Measure 1: Develop Messages Messages are closely tied to end and aims. They deliver of import information about the issue and oblige the targeted audience to believe, experience, or act. They will: Show the importance, urgency, or magnitude of the issue Show the relevancy of the issue Put a â€Å" face † on the issue Be tied to specific audience values, beliefs, or involvements of the audience Reflect an apprehension of what would actuate the audience to believe, experience, or act Be culturally relevant and sensitive Be Memorable The messages developed by utilizing the worksheet provided in this annexure will be used in many ways. First, they are a set of statements that adviser and squad agree upon as conveying the cardinal information for PSC enterprise. They will non include all the item and back uping thoughts and informations that PSC may utilize in printed stuffs or other signifiers of communicating. The messages developed in the worksheets will go the implicit in subjects for your stuffs and activities. A motto will be developed based on them. Sets of speaking points will be developed will be usage in doing presentations. And they easy become the footing for wireless and print PSAs, the generation for postings, and may propose subjects for fact sheets, drop-in articles, and even letters to the editor or newspaper columns. Measure 2: Considerations for Questionnaire Construction Using effectual communicating Find cardinal fact about the components. Consideration of what will to be done at assorted phases. This will include determination about the Questionnaire design and Construction, beginning who will administrate the Questionnaire to the cardinal components ( tone, content, tone and manner, verbal and non verbal cue ) . Clarity-Questions must clearly Constructed assure the populace ‘s apprehension and to restrict the alterations for misinterpretation or inappropriate reply. Readability trials can assist find the reading degree required to understand drafted inquiries and aid authors to be painstaking about the choice of words and phrases. Consistency of subtopics-In an ideal universe there would be specific consensus on the significance of new findings, and all messages on a peculiar subject would be consistent. Unfortunately, consistence is sometimes elusive. The information in each subdivision will be analysed differentlyto make sense of the topic. Main points-The chief points should be stressed, repeated, and ne’er hidden within less strategically of import inquiries. Tone and appeal-A message should be reassuring, dismaying, disputing, or straightforward, depending upon the coveted impact and the mark audience. Messages should besides be true, honest and every bit complete as possible. Credibility-The helpers research worker should be credible and trusty. Public need-For a questionnaire to interrupt through the â€Å" information jumble † of society, the inquiries will be based on what the mark audience perceives as most of import to them, what they want to cognize about their prospective leader, and non what is most of import or most interesting to the arising County. Prior to concluding production, the questionnaire will be pretested with the mark audiences to guarantee public apprehension andfor intended responses. The adviser will first analyze what are the barriers and benefits to Embu County component thought, feeling, or moving on issue, what alteration in attitude toward ( the manner they feel about the issue county leading ) do County leading want to actuate in its components to run into its end, and eventually what alteration in the leading behaviour ( daily actions ) the county is seeking to accomplish. based on what the components know about past history, for them to to hear in order to believe, experience or move. This is because obliging inquiries will be used to actuate the component thereof to the candidate.. Chapter FOUR: IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIC Plan Implement the Plan Measure 1: Develop time-line and budget to implement the Opinion canvass. Many tools will be used for forming about clip, fundss, and staff needed to implement an enterprise. The undermentioned stairss will be usage to find execution of timeline, budget and staffing demands: a ) Develop budget and agenda B ) Prepare to implement the sentiment canvass Research programme Measure 2: 1. Listing all activities 2. Sketching the stairss under each activity, , in order, that will take to its completion 3. Delegating a budget estimation to each measure 4. Delegating a staffing needs estimation to each measure 5. working backwards from the activity completion point, delegate a day of the month for each measure in the activity. Table: Embu County sentiment canvass Strategic plan Citation No Phase Activity Schedule/ Time ( Weeks ) Cost ( Kshs. ) 1 Phase one: formative research Measure 1: Analyzing state of affairs ( contrivers, clients, co-workers, ultimate decision-makers, moneymans ) Measure 2: Analyzing Organization a ) Internal environment ( mission, vision and resources ) B ) Public perceptual experience and repute degree Celsius ) External environment ( rivals, oppositions and protagonists ) Measure 3: Analyzing populace a ) Identify and analyse the populace with whom the organisation interact ( cleavage ) B ) Identify wants, footings, and outlooks degree Celsius ) Identify demand for engagement in communicating vitamin D ) Identify societal, economic, political, cultural and technological tendencies 1 1 2 50,000 100,000 100,000 4 250,000 2 Phase two: strategic research Measure 4: Establishing ends and aims a ) Identify ultimate organisation place being sought B ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable aim that identify organisation anticipated impact on consciousness, credence and action of each cardinal public degree Celsiuss ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the message Measure 5: Explicating action and response schemes ( consideration of what is to be done at assorted phases ) Measure 6: Using effectual communicating a ) Decision about the message, beginning who will show the message to the cardinal populaces, tone, content, tone and manner, verbal and non verbal cue, 1/2 1/2 1 50,000 50,000 100,000 2 200,000 3 Phase three: Tacticss ( consideration of assorted communicating tools including seeable elements ) Step7: Choosing communicating tactics ( inventory trades with assorted communicating options ) a ) Face-to-face communicating and chances for personal engagement B ) Organizational media ( controlled media ) degree Celsiuss ) New media ( uncontrolled media ) vitamin D ) Ad and promotional media ( controlled media ) Measure 8: Implementing strategic program a ) Develop budget and agenda B ) Prepare to implement the communicating programme 1 2 200,000 200,000 3 400,000 4 Phase four: Appraising research ( rating and appraisal ) Measure 1: Measuring strategic program a ) Determine the grade to which stated aims have been met B ) Modify and go on with the communicating activity 1 50,000 1 50,000 5 Grand Total 8 900,000 .. Continued Appendix II: Survey tool ( Questionnaire ) Section A: Election Make you O.K. or disapprove of the occupation Embu County is making as County with devolve powers? Approve Disapprove Do n’t cognize Make you O.K. or disapprove of the occupation County leading is making? Approve Disapprove Do n’t cognize Right now, how interested are you in the 2012 senator election in the Embu County? Are you: Highly interested Very interested Slightly interested Not at all interested Which one of the undermentioned issues will be the most of import in make up one’s minding your ballot for Senator? State how you agree. Issue Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strong disagree Economy Occupations security Health attention Immigration Taxs Ethics/government corruptness Environment Education Development Others ( Please stipulate ) †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Do n’t cognize If the 2012 Senator primary were held today, for whom would you vote if the campaigners were ( For mention: were the lone picks in the Senator primary, how would you vote? ( NAMES ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which candidate do you believe has the best opportunity of being elected for the place of a senator for the Embu County in 2012 the general election? If the 2012 senator primary were held today, for whom would you vote if the campaigners were: ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ( Do n’t cognize ) If ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE of pick ) were the lone picks in the county primary, how would you vote? ( ROTATE ) ( Do n’t cognize ) Thinking in front to the following general election, if the 2012 general election were held today for whom would you vote if the campaigners were: Which senator campaigner do you believe is more likely to make anything — including something unethical — to win the election? ( RANDOMIZE PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ( Do n’t cognize ) Section B: Position ON SENSITIVITY AND CAPABILITY CANDIDATE Which senator campaigner do you believe is more likely to make anything — including something anticipated — to win the election ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ? Which senator campaigner do you believe is most prepared to get down taking the state on twenty-four hours one of taking office? ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which senator campaigner do you believe is the most positive? ( RANDOMIZE ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which senator campaigner do you believe is the most likely to make something that would abash the county? ( RANDOMIZE PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Do you believe ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) is doing unjust onslaughts against the rival ( s ) ? ( ROTATE NEXT QUESTIONS harmonizing to PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Yes No Do n’t cognize From a gender position, do you believe it is more hard for adult females to acquire in front in today ‘s universe? ( ROTATE ) Yes. No. Both the same Neither Do n’t cognize Do you believe the ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) run tried to utilize ethnicity as an issue against the Minority? Yes No Do n’t Know In respect to the Embu County, and in peculiar the degeneration of authorities, who do you believe benefits most from the recent new fundamental law promulgaration? Presidential Senator components No 1 Do n’t cognize Do you believe your pick senator should be, or non be held at all the clip, responsible, and accountable for whatever, is decided, implemented and the subsequent result in the county? Yes, No Do n’t cognize Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ If Senators were elected for Embu County, who do you believe your pick would truly be Senator? Yes No Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Do you believe the senator would be in truly be in charge, or would at that place be a carbon monoxide senatorship? Would truly be in charge co-senator ship Do n’t cognize Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. If ( YOUR PROSPECTIVIVE CANDIDATE ) of were elected Senator and got into a hard County policy state of affairs with another leader, would you anticipate the senator to leap in to support the manner PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) has been making on the run trail? Yes No Do n’t cognize Section C: INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENT PROSPECTS IN REGARD BACKGROUND How would you rate your personal fiscal state of affairs by voting you campaigner of pick? excellent, good, merely just hapless Do n’t cognize A twelvemonth from now, do you believe your personal fiscal state of affairs will be better worse Better Lapp Do n’t cognize ) Have you personally felt a downward tendency in the economic system or do you believe that ‘s merely something intelligence newsmans are speaking about? Personally felt downswing Merely something intelligence newsmans talk about Neither Do n’t cognize The Parliament is presently debating an economic growing bundle that could Include, a revenue enhancement discount wellness insurance of a few 100 shillings. If you received a revenue enhancement discount in the following few months, what do you believe you would make with the money — save it or pass it? Salvage it Spend it Spend some salvage some Do n’t cognize Section C: Political Designation Many will hold that, political parties, current political issues and the campaigners that are up for election are the cardinal factors that determine citizens ‘ ballot picks. When you think about political relations, do you believe of yourself pick as dependant of, Partiality and political orientation Party Identification and Ideological party Orientations Individual campaigner – degree grounds Do n’t cognize How do you experience near to one of the parties? ( LIST PARTIES ) . Do believe of ego as near to any peculiar party? † If NO: identifiers ( â€Å" yes † ) Make experience self a small closer to one of the parties than the others? â€Å" ( sympathisers ) Do n’t cognize, no reply mugwumps ( aˆzno, non near † ) Let me advert some people who have said that they will seek the nomination for SenatorShip in Embu. ( Prospective Campaigner ) . If the following Embu primary for senator were being held today, for which one of the undermentioned campaigners would you vote? ( If â€Å" non certain, † ask: ) Well, which manner do you tilt? Now I ‘d wish to inquire a few inquiries specifically about ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) Let me read you a figure of features and inquire you to measure ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) on each one. For each point, delight state me whether you feel positive about negative about her, or whether you have impersonal or assorted feelings about her. Please State how positive you experience? Feel Positive Feel Negative Have Neutral/Mixed Feelingss Not Certain Please remark on about your ( Prospective Campaigner ) Experience and competency†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Valuess and character†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Warmth and compassion†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Personality and manner†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Her places on the issues†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Asked of on behalf the respondents ( FORM A ) . In footings of ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) attack to the issues, do you believe as PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) being broad, centrist, conservative in the attack to the issues ( IF â€Å" LIBERAL † OR â€Å" CONSERVATIVE, † ASK for account: ) And do you believe that is really ( liberal/conservative ) or slightly ( liberal/conservative ) in her attack to the issues? State how broad. Preposition /Candidate Very broad Very broad Slightly broad Slightly conservative Moderate Very conservative Not certain How to cite Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Charles Dickens Essay, The Noble Savage Example For Students

Charles Dickens Essay, The Noble Savage Look carefully at the opening chapters of Hard Times and explore Dickens attitude towards education and how this refers his concern for society. Charles Dickens Hard Times was written in 1842. He was born Feb 7, 1812 in the Victorian times, at the time of a massive educational debate. Dickens, even as a young child was a romantic, he had strong views against Victorian education and the way children were taught, he felt it reflected the way society was developing. He thought everyone should have equal chances in life and believed education was the foundation of life and it determined the outcome of a persons life. In Hard Times, Dickens relates to things much more than this, he gets his point across about his views on romanticism and rationalism. Romanticism emphasises the importance of emotion, imagination, freedom and beauty and rationalism is quite the opposite, looking at everything in a logical and scientific eye. This assignment will explore Dickens attitudes and beliefs towards education and how it reflects his concern for society. From chapter 1, The One Thing Needed Dickens opens the novel with Gradgrinds own words, from the start he is already beginning to establish the type of man Gradgrind is. He opens with, Now, what I want is, Facts. Surprisingly, Dickens gives the word Facts a capital letter, he is making it a proper noun from a common noun, which suggests how important facts are to Gradgrind which relates to his rationalist nature. Also, the use of commas after Now and is is clever, as Gradgrind has to pause in his opening sentence, it catches attention and creates a sense of control, which also indicates facts are powerful. Dickens has defined Gradgrind as a rationalist. By saying, Nothing but Facts, he emphasises the point that facts are the only important thing to Gradgrind, and Nothing but tells us that facts is all he intends to know and teach. Dickens repeats the word Facts throughout the opening paragraph. He has done this to get the idea across to the Victorian reader. The idea that facts are all that is needed, and all Gradgrind is dependent on. This relates to Rationalism and how Dickens presents it to the reader in a sceptical way. He is putting the point across that children were taught this way in the Victorian period, proving his concern on how education was developing. Continuing in chapter 1, Dickens describes the classroom as plain, bare, monotonous vault. This implies the classroom is colour-less, empty and lacks characteristics. It is a dull environment and therefore has nothing to stimulate the pupils. The word monotonous means all the same; nothing changes and is boring. Dickens uses that word to describe the classroom, in which to describe Gradgrinds rationalist environment. The quote describes a room where things are locked away, as he uses the word vault which indicates no way of escape and therefore the pupils are trapped in Gradgrinds dingy, joyless, rationalist room. Dickens is implying that there is something lacking in rationalism, something missing, and puts this point across throughout his novel. He does this because he wants the audience to know how he feels about how the way children were taught in the Victorian Period. He wants the reader to know how strongly he feels about rationalist and romantic behaviour, and by using the words I have quoted on, proves Dickens is trying to do just that. Dickens uses the words, His eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves to describe Gradgrinds eyes. This makes Gradgrind seem dark and cold as he has used words such as cellarage and caves. Dickens has described his eyes as commodious cellarage, this gives the impression Gradgrinds eyes are deep set and spacious, as if he has something to hide behind them. As commodious means spacious, it implies Gradgrind can hide his personality and emotions behind his eyes as it emphasises space. Cellarage could also be known as dark and underground, eyes are a window to personality, but Dickens has made Gradgrind seem that his eyes are dark and therefore hard to look through, and to see any emotions or feelings going on at all. .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .postImageUrl , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:hover , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:visited , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:active { border:0!important; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:active , .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0302c44dcdce03d09f1705ec1c1e0ffc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Unexpected Encounter EssayHe does this because he is trying to define Gradgrind as a rationalist, and not even Gradgrinds own emotions can change this. Dickens is describing rationalism is such a negative way; he is doing this as he wants the reader to completely disapprove of rationalism. Dickens also uses the words Mouth wide, thin, and hard set. Wisely, Dickens uses these words which implies that Gradgrind doesnt smile, which tells us he is cold-hearted and has no feelings behind him. He uses the word thin which gives off an impression that his mouth is closed off, as his lips are thin and can be unnoticeable. Dickens describes him this way as rationalists have no imaginable feelings and therefore no reason to smile. He also states his mouth is hard set, by saying this Dickens implies that Gradgrinds mouth is inflexible, set like concrete and all that comes out of it is bitter and objective sentences full of facts. It gives the impression he is a stern man; controllable and bossy, which is the point Dickens is trying to get across. Gradgrind wants to drum facts into the pupils minds; he is in control over what they learn and therefore this reflects on his rationalism.

Case Study Brand Jordan Selling a Legend Essay Example

Case Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend Essay Case Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend Introduction March 2006 – Larry Miller, President of The Jordan Brand, finally had a few moments to relax. He sat in his office in the Jerry Rice Building at the Nike World Campus in Beaverton, Oregon, taking in the late afternoon sun. The latest advertising campaign was a success and sales were at an all-time high. But Miller knew that now was the time to plan for tomorrow’s success. He turned to the briefs on his desk, which contained various recommendations about how to improve the Jordan Brand’s collection of athlete endorsers. Four potential endorsers in particular stood out, each representing a new strategic direction for the brand to take. Miller needed to decide which, if any, of these individuals he would like to pursue. He knew that Michael Jordan, who had final say on this matter, would expect a convincing argument no matter what Miller decided. He thought back to some of the key events that really defined the Jordan Brand†¦ Shaping Brand Jordan The Shoe that Changed Everything Nike signed Michael Jordan to an endorsement deal in 1984 out of the University of North Carolina, where his successful college basketball career had included a national championship. Jordan was an exceptional athlete known for high-flying dunks. In 1985, Nike produced a shoe called the â€Å"Air Jordan† designed in the red and black color scheme of the NBA team Jordan played for, The Chicago Bulls. The shoe was remarkable for its extreme looks (almost all basketball shoes at that time were primarily white in color) and for its use of Nike’s new compressed air cushioning technology, Nike Airâ„ ¢. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Brand Jordan: Selling a Legend specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The NBA initially banned the shoe because its unusual red and white color scheme violated existing league dress code rules, creating a debate in the media that engendered widespread national coverage. This convergence of the shoe’s attributes, the controversy of the ban, and Jordan’s budding star power turned the Air Jordan into a very sought-after shoe. Surprised by the high level of demand, Nike produced millions of units of the Air Jordan in 23 color variants, eventually leaving retailers flooded with extra pairs. Having learned from their mistake, in 1986 Nike released a complete redesign of the Shoe known as the Air Jordan II in carefully limited quantities. This strategy of releasing a limited number of redesigned Air Jordans each year, the same shoe in which Jordan would play, was not only an original business model, but highly successful. Nike supported the launch of every Air Jordan with memorable TV advertising campaigns that highlighted different aspects of his personality. Famous film director Spike Lee helped make the Air Jordan a status symbol in the popular 1989 ads depicting Lees Mars Blackmon character pitching the Air Jordan III while proclaiming, â€Å"It’s Gotta Be the Shoes! † Even 20 years later, every release of the new Air Jordan was anticipated by fans who eagerly snatched them up from retailers around the world. The shoe continued to be a leader in the footwear industry in terms of product design, technical features, and innovative packaging. The Seeds of the Jordan Brand The Nike employees with whom Jordan worked most closely became his allies and friends. He trusted them to build footwear that was an authentic representation of him as a player. The closeness of these personal relationships was an asset to all involved until designer Peter Moore and marketing director Rob Strasser decided to leave Nike in1987 and appeared to be taking Jordan with them. In a tense meeting involving Jordan, his parents, and Nike founder Phil Knight, designer Tinker Hatfield unveiled the Air Jordan III. In a difficult decision between various individuals who had earned his trust, Jordan chose to stay with Nike. Once Jordan fully committed to Nike, he was uncompromising in his loyalty. As a member of the 1992 US Olympic Basketball â€Å"Dream Team,† he famously covered up a competitor’s logo on his warm-up suit as a show of allegiance to Nike. It would eventually become clear that Jordan’s influence extended far beyond basketball fans. In 1996, he appeared in a movie called Space Jam, in which he received top billing along with cartoon character Bugs Bunny. He again proved to be a trendsetter as athletes began to appear more often in feature films and endorse more products unrelated to sports. Certain people within Nike, among them Howard White and Tinker Hatfield, believed very early on that Jordan could be much more than an athlete who endorsed shoes. As early as 1988, there were plans to start a brand around Michael’s unique personality and wide appeal (see Appendix X). Michael Jordan Achieves Immortality Between 1991 and 1998, Jordan won six NBA titles with the Chicago Bulls and an Olympic Gold medal for the U. S. Basketball team. Having also earned five MVP awards and ten NBA scoring titles, he became one of the most decorated athletes of all time. After winning three consecutive NBA championships concluding with the 1992-93 season, Jordan retired from basketball in order to compete as a professional baseball player. After a short and mediocre baseball career, he returned to play for the Chicago Bulls in 1995. Every bit as much the leader and competitor he had been before, Jordan won another three consecutive NBA championships before retiring once again after the 1997-98 season. Jordan also accumulated many famous moments such as game winning shots and extraordinarily athletic plays that helped to define his reputation. His game-winning shot in the final game of the 1998 NBA Finals against the Utah Jazz left a final, indelible impression of his clutch play, killer instinct and remarkable skill in earning his team victories. Individuals of all races, classes, ages, and genders could seemingly identify with him. The Jordan name became synonymous with dominance, excellence and respect. Even in 2006, eight years after his retirement from the Bulls, it was still very common for an exceptional athlete to be praised as â€Å"the next Michael Jordan† or â€Å"the Michael Jordan† of their sport. Brand Jordan Director of Marketing, Cliff Torng, calls this â€Å"keeping the Michael Jordan-ness† in society alive. Torng’s Marketing team even tracks how many times Jordan’s name is used in popular media as a way to gauge the value of the Jordan Brand. He reasons that â€Å"when people use Michael to epitomize something that is the best, they keep Michael and the brand relevant. † Air Jordan Survives a Test Many within Nike thought the ride was over when Jordan surprisingly retired in 1993. It was widely assumed that the Air Jordan IX, which was being designed at that time, had no future. Without the validation of having Jordan wear the shoes on the basketball court, critics argued, no one would buy the product. It was only through the faith of those Nike employees who believed that Jordan’s influence was greater than his on-court performance that the shoe was completed and released. The success of that shoe despite Michael never playing in it gave credence to the viability of Michael Jordan as a brand, rather than just a player. During this period, the way in which Nike marketed Jordan evolved too. Rather than ignore the retirement, Nike faced it head on with the Johnny Kilroy ad campaign. Since so many people found it unbelievable that Jordan would retire at the apex of his career, the ads portrayed him secretly playing basketball under an assumed name. The ads were extremely popular, again proving Jordan’s relevance even when not playing basketball. After his remarkable return, Nike ran ads that accentuated Jordan’s mythic status by showing him perform basketball moves in slow motion as observers stand in awe. Brand Jordan Comes to Life When Jordan again retired at the top of his game in 1998, Nike was prepared. Now believing that the â€Å"Jordan† name was powerful enough to become more than a Nike shoe, Nike launched The Jordan Brand as a subsidiary of Nike, Inc in 1999. Having already replaced the Nike Swooshâ„ ¢ on Air Jordan shoes in 1991, the Jumpman logo now appeared on luxury athletic apparel as well. The launch of the Jordan brand was highlighted by the â€Å"Overjoyed† ad campaign, in which Jordan was shown in a suit rather than a basketball uniform, serving as inspiration for a group of hand-selected athlete endorsers of the Jordan Brand. Among these athletes were basketball player Ray Allen, baseball player Derek Jeter, and boxer Roy Jones, Jr. The process of emphasizing Jordan as a mentor rather than as a player had really just begun in 2001 when Jordan returned to the NBA as a player for the Washington Wizards. Brand Jordan executives were concerned that this move would harm the brand or confuse consumers. After two years of play that was less-than-Jordan-like, he retired for the third and final time. Far from being harmed, Brand Jordan was surprisingly unaffected. As fans, individuals were grateful to have one last chance to see Jordan play. But as consumers, they seemed to recognize that Brand Jordan was independent from the on-court play of its namesake. Torng rationalized the situation in this way: Of course Michael isn’t on the court inspiring us with new achievements, but if you take a look at [Jordan’s] career accomplishments in totality, there’s a reason why he’s the most respected, sought after, inspiring sports athlete of the 20th century. Current State of Brand Jordan More than just Michael’s Shoes Until Jordan’s 1998 retirement from the Chicago Bulls and the Brand’s launch as a separate operating unit within Nike the following year, the product line was very limited in both footwear and apparel offerings. The footwear line consisted of the signature Air Jordan basketball shoe which Michael himself wore on the court every game. Apparel product offerings were also narrow, with basketball shorts, tank tops, and Air Jordan t-shirts among the top sellers. In the wake of Jordan’s 1998 retirement and following the launch of the Jordan Brand, Miller decided to expand the product line across footwear, apparel, and accessories. The experiment did not start off with success. The upscale Two3 line represented the Brand’s first venture into the Lifestyle category and featured premium-priced men’s leather jackets, stylish jeans and dress shirts competing against high-end fashion brands like Kenneth Cole and Hugo Boss. Despite a well-publicized 2002 launch held at boxing promoter Don King’s estate in Las Vegas, the Two3 line was discontinued two years later. Miller was upfront about Two3’s demise, saying: Two3 wasn’t quite right for our core consumer. The product was targeted at an older, wealthier and more sophisticated consumer and the Brand’s core customer wasn’t quite ready to go there with us yet. Miller was resolute in his belief that the long-term future of Brand Jordan hinged on its ability to connect with a broader array of consumers across multiple sports. Having learned from the Two3 failure, Brand Jordan launched the Jordan Sport casual line with items like denim jeans, woven shirts and a fashionable work boot. Jordan Sport found success in markets outside its traditional young, male urban crowd. Miller rationalized Jordan’s Lifestyle success in this way: People are just as comfortable seeing Michael on the cover of GQ as on the cover of SI. He has that mix of style and sport, and that means we can take the brand to other categories. [1] By 2006, Brand Jordan had significantly expanded its apparel and accessories business into six distinct categories: Game, Legacy, Melo (named for Denver Nuggets star Carmelo Anthony), Basketball, Sport, and Casual. In 2004-2005 alone, the Brand introduced 933 unique styles to support its push into Lifestyle, the Women’s market and other sports (see Exhibit I). Despite expanding the product line, Brand revenues were still very disproportionate between footwear and apparel sales (see Exhibit II). Instead of the current 80% footwear/20% apparel split, Miller envisioned a day when that fraction would fall to 60% footwear/40% apparel. Brand Jordan continued to offer a retro line of previously released Air Jordans in both original and new color schemes. The Air Jordan XXI was released during NBA All-Star Weekend in February of 2006. Despite their high price tag (retro versions cost around $120 and new releases around $175), Air Jordans continue to sell out and have become collector’s items. A new segment of the Brand’s footwear business, Basketball Team product, is distinct from Jordan signature (i. e. Air Jordan) but retains a high element of fashion and performance. Team product gives consumers a slightly more cost-effective way to buy into the Brand, retailing for around $100 a pair. Further extending footwear offerings, the Brand’s Training line complements the apparel side and addresses the training and performance needs of athletes across all sports. In totality, the Brand has produced more than 100 new footwear styles since 2004. Brand Jordan Goes International Though less than 10% of the Jordan Brand’s sales occurred outside the United States, Michael Jordan’s reputation was worldwide. Miller had big plans to expand the Brand’s presence into both Europe and Asia in the near future. On the Asian front, Miller poured most of his efforts into China. Michael Jordan was arguably the most recognized and revered American to the people in China because he amazingly floated through the air as both an athlete and as a pitchman for Nike (later Air Jordan) shoes in commercials, which the children avidly followed on television. With this thought in mind, Larry Miller, Gentry Humphrey, and Cliff Torng accompanied Jordan in March 2004 on an eye-opening tour of Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong to promote the upcoming release of the Air Jordan XX. The group was shocked by the massive number of people who showed up at the Taiwan airport to try to catch a glimpse of Michael Jordan. The crowd was so immense that the terminal was at a standstill. During the China portion of the trip, the group was scarcely let out of their hotel because the crowds swelled to uncontrollable levels in anticipation of every planned event. When the group took a supposedly secret trip to the Great Wall of China, about 1000 people were waiting for them, having somehow discovered the plan. The whole experience left Larry wondering how he could more fully take advantage of Jordan’s international reputation. In Europe, Michael Jordan also enjoyed a sterling brand name and reputation that did not necessarily translate into solid sales for the company. Less than half of the Brand’s 10% international sales derived from Europe. Despite the overwhelming presence and popularity of soccer all over the continent, however, many European remembered Jordan’s six NBA titles and, important for this market, his domination in the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain with the â€Å"Dream Team. Miller had a promotional tour of Europe planned for Fall 2006 in which Michael Jordan would visit at least four different countries to promote the Air Jordan XXI and engage in some media appearances. In search of fresh growth opportunities, Miller needed a carefully planned strategy to make noise in the soccer-crazed European market and create a buzz around the entire line of Br and Jordan products there. Athlete Selection at Brand Jordan As they had been at Nike, athlete endorsements were a big part of Brand Jordan because they lent authenticity to the products and created an emotional connection with the consumer (see Exhibit III for explanation of endorsements). As of 2006, the group of athlete endorsers known collectively as Team Jordan consisted of thirteen individuals (see Exhibit IV). They consisted of seven basketball players, two football players, two baseball players, one boxer and one musician. All were American except baseball player Andruw Jones, who was from the Netherlands Antilles. Ten were African-American, with the remaining three being either Hispanic or of mixed racial background. Some were just beginning their careers and some were nearing the end. In conjunction with Brand personnel, Michael Jordan handpicked each athlete based on shared personality traits and unique features that Jordan believed differentiated them from other pro athletes. In addition to the athletes of Team Jordan, Brand Jordan enjoyed unofficial and unpaid endorsements from a handful of celebrities and artists, among them rappers Eminem and Fat Joe. These endorsements involved Brand Jordan sending footwear and apparel to the celebrity free of charge, in exchange for that person sporting the gear in highly visible public places, such as Eminem wearing Brand Jordan product head-to-toe at the 2003 Grammy Awards. Torng likes to describe these as â€Å"non-commercial transactions borne out of mutual respect† between the celebrity and the Brand. Emblematic of the Brand’s message reaching sports beyond basketball, Miller recalled reading a 2004 interview in Sports Illustrated for Kids with a University of Virginia lacrosse player. The reporter asked the player about his career goals five years from now, and he responded by saying he wanted to be the first lacrosse player represented on Team Jordan. Miller commented, Team Jordan is about excellence and being part of this selected group of athletes. For this kid who is not a basketball player, not even a football player, saying ‘I want to be a part of Team Jordan’ tells me our message is getting out there in terms of what the Brand stands for and how we’ve evolved over the years. The Candidates Larry Miller had to consider which of the following four athletes and entertainers fit the key Brand Jordan attributes and captured the key elements and themes that have made the Brand so successful. Each potential new Team Jordan candidate offered an attractive mix of ability and promise for future growth in their respective profession. Based on the following profiles, Miller had to decide which ones, if any he should attempt to sign. David Beckham Some within Nike believed that Brand Jordan had a shot at luring David Beckham away from rival adidas at the conclusion of his current contract. Already a successful soccer player at age 14, Beckham was signed by English Premier League club Manchester United to their youth training program. He made his first appearance for Manchester United in 1992. In the 1998–99 season, he was part of the United team that won the â€Å"treble,† the championships of the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League, a unique feat in English football. Arguably the biggest name in world soccer, Beckham is known for his crosses, free-kicks, and marriage to a former Spice Girl. He even has a free-kick technique named after him. Larry thought signing Beckham would be a way of entering the world of soccer with a bang. He knew that Beckham himself was a fan of Jordan and had worn the number 23 in homage to Jordan. He wondered whether signing this Caucasian English soccer star would be too radical a departure from the core brand. He also knew that signing Beckham would be very expensive. The cost was particularly important considering Beckham was in his mid thirties and may have been nearing the end of his career. Jamie Foxx Jamie Foxx is an American Academy Award winning actor, Grammy Award nominated multi-platinum selling R singer, and comedian. He is the fourth person in history to have had a #1 album and won an Academy Award. Raised by his grandmother from a very early age, Foxx was held to a very high standard, which placed him in the Boy Scouts, the church choir, and practicing at the piano. He was also the quarterback of his football team in high school. He attended Julliard where he studied classical piano. In 2006 Foxx’s popularity was at an all time high. Foxx is an attractive, athletic African-American who Miller thought Foxx was a good fit for the lifestyle products. He wondered if he should approach Foxx with the kind of low-profile endorsement such as the one with Mike Phillips or whether signing too many non-athletes would detract from the brand. Michele Wie At just 17 years of age, professional golfer Michelle Wie already stood at over 6-feet tall and drove the ball 20-40 yards past the majority of professional women golfers. Wie was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on Oct. 11, 1989, to parents of Korean descent. In 2003, she played in her first LPGA major at the age of 13 and at age 14, missed the cut for the PGA Tour by one stroke as she took 47th out of a field of 97 men. Commonly compared to Tiger Woods and Annika Sorenstam, Wie’s potential is seemingly limitless. Miller thought Wie was an incredible athlete with a bright future. He wondered, however, if golf was not the right starting point for the Jordan Brand to reach out to women. Liu Xiang In 2002, Liu launched his career by winning the 110 meters hurdles at his first IAAF Grand Prix in Lausanne. Still just 22 years old, Liu has improved steadily, and won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the final, he tied the world record of 12. 91 seconds held since 1993 by Colin Jackson of Wales. This is the first time an athlete of non-African descent has dipped under 13 seconds for the 110 meter hurdles. As of 2006, Xiang had achieved superstar status in his home country of China. Miller knew the importance of the Chinese market to the future of the Jordan Brand. The combined reputations of Xiang and Michael Jordan would be a powerful mix in that country, perhaps diminishing the value of rival Reebok’s endorsement deal with Chinese basketball player Yao Ming. On the other hand, Xiang’s agency representation, the Chinese government, signed him to an endorsement deal in May 2006 with China’s leading cigarette brand, Baisha. Miller wondered whether this new tobacco partnerhsip would prevent him from signing an individual of such strategic importance. Exhibit IJordan Style Counts (2004-2006) †¢ each number represents one unique style for that year, however each style may include up to 5 different shoe/shirt/short colors †¢ e. g. there were 14 different Basketball Sport shoes in FY 04-05 Exhibit IIJordan Revenue Figures (FY 2000 – 2006) †¢ Brand Jordan does not publicly disclose balance sheet information †¢ The chart depicts actual footwear and apparel revenues, but the corresponding numbers have been removed to preserve confidentiality Exhibit IIIThe Nature of Endorsements Ever since Red Rock Cola hired Babe Ruth to endorse its soft drink brand in the 1930s, companies have utilized athletes and entertainers to pitch their products and serve as company spokespersons. It is estimated that companies spend close to $1 billion on athlete endorsements each year. The relationship works like this example: Company X signs a contract with John Smith to pay him $1,000 to endorse its products over a specific period of time (e. g. 3 years). Mr. Smith then agrees in writing to allow Company X to use his likeness/image in Point-of-Purchase retail programs and to appear in a specified amount of television and print advertisements. The best endorsement deals manage to equate the product with the appeal of the celebrity. One familiar example includes Newman’s Own, actor Paul Newman’s brand of organic food products, where the association not only capitalizes on the nostalgia of old-school Hollywood glamour, but also falls in line with Newman’s philanthropic lifestyle (a portion of all sales are donated to charity). Occasionally, a company will sign a person based on expectation of future celebrity status. Perhaps the biggest example of that in recent news is high school basketball player Lebron James signing a $90 million endorsement deal with Nike for a greatly anticipated future basketball career. So far, Nike has already given Mr. James his own line of footwear and apparel and used him in numerous TV, print, and Internet advertisements. The natural extension of all this pairing is when the brand actually surpasses the celebrity. That is, one is no longer remembered for his original celebrity status, but is instead more readily recognized in association with the brand product or service. Clearly, Michael Jorda has achieved this lofty status with Brand Jordan. Studies have shown that consumers are more likely to purchase products endorsed by athletes than products not endorsed. Athletes are role models and consumers tend to believe athletes, especially those with a positive public image. However, simply having an athlete endorse a product or company is not enough. An athlete needs to fit an organizations image, appeal to its demographic audience, and have recognition and respect among consumers. The Q Score, developed by Marketing Evaluations Inc. in the 1960s, measures the familiarity and appeal of a celebrity to gauge their attractiveness to marketers. In sum, companies can utilize endorsers in these and other creative ways: †¢ TV Commercials †¢ Print Advertisements †¢ Radio Spots †¢ Point-of-Purchase Retail Programs †¢ Voiceovers †¢ Infomercials Exhibit IVTeam Jordan Roster NameSport/LeagueAge Ray AllenBasketball/NBA31 Carmelo AnthonyBasketball/NBA22 Mike BibbyBasketball/NBA28 Michael FinleyBasketball/NBA33 Ahman GreenFootball/NFL30 Richard HamiltonBasketball/NBA28 Marvin HarrisonFootball/NFL34 Derek JeterBaseball/MLB32 Andruw JonesBaseball/MLB29 Eddie JonesBasketball/NBA34 Roy Jones, Jr. Professional Boxer37 Mike PhillipsProfessional Musician31 Quentin RichardsonBasketball/NBA26 [1] Kang, Stephanie. â€Å"Up in the Air. † Wall Street Journal: Classroom Edition. January 2004. [pic] [pic]

The Definition, History, and Impact of Redlining

The Definition, History, and Impact of Redlining Redlining, a process by which banks and other institutions refuse to offer mortgages or offer worse rates to customers in certain neighborhoods based on their racial and ethnic composition, is one of the clearest examples of institutionalized racism in the history of the United States. Although the practice was formally outlawed in 1968 with the passage of the Fair Housing Act, it continues in various forms to this day. History of Housing Discrimination Fifty years after the abolition of slavery, local governments continued to legally enforce housing segregation through exclusionary zoning laws, city ordinances which prohibited the sale of property to Black people. In 1917, when the Supreme Court ruled these zoning laws unconstitutional, homeowners swiftly replaced them with racially restrictive covenants, agreements between property owners which banned the sale of homes in a neighborhood to certain racial groups. By the time the Supreme Court found racially restrictive covenants themselves unconstitutional in 1947, the practice was so widespread that these agreements were difficult to invalidate and almost impossible to reverse. According to a magazine article, 80% of neighborhoods in Chicago and Los Angeles carried racially restrictive covenants by 1940. The Federal Government Begins Redlining The federal government was not involved in housing until 1934 when the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was created as part of the New Deal. The FHA sought to restore the housing market after the Great Depression by incentivizing homeownership and introducing the mortgage lending system we still use today. Instead of creating policies to make housing more equitable, the FHA did the opposite. It took advantage of racially restrictive covenants and insisted that the properties they insured use them. Along with the Home Owner’s Loan Coalition (HOLC), a federally-funded program created to help homeowners refinance their mortgages, the FHA introduced redlining policies in over 200 American cities. Beginning in 1934, the HOLC included in the FHA Underwriting Handbook â€Å"residential security maps† used to help the government decide which neighborhoods would make secure investments and which should be off-limits for issuing mortgages. The maps were color-coded according to these guidelines: Green (â€Å"Best†): Green areas represented in-demand, up-and-coming neighborhoods where â€Å"professional men† lived. These neighborhoods were explicitly homogenous, lacking â€Å"a single foreigner or Negro.†Blue (â€Å"Still Desirable†): These neighborhoods had â€Å"reached their peak† but were thought to be stable due to their low risk of â€Å"infiltration† by non-white groups.Yellow (â€Å"Definitely Declining†): Most yellow areas bordered black neighborhoods. They were considered risky due to the â€Å"threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade populations.†Red (â€Å"Hazardous†): Red areas were neighborhoods where â€Å"infiltration† had already occurred. These neighborhoods, almost all of them populated by Black residents, were described by the HOLC as having an â€Å"undesirable population† and were ineligible for FHA backing. These maps would help the government decide which properties were eligible for FHA backing. Green and blue neighborhoods, which usually had majority-white populations, were considered good investments. It was easy to get a loan in these areas. Yellow neighborhoods were considered â€Å"risky† and red areas (those with the highest percentage of Black residents) were ineligible for FHA backing. The End of Redlining The Fair Housing Act of 1968, which explicitly prohibited racial discrimination, put an end to legally-sanctioned redlining policies like those used by the FHA. However, like racially restrictive covenants, redlining policies were difficult to stamp out and have continued even in recent years. A 2008 paper, for example, found denial rates for loans to Black people in Mississippi to be disproportionate compared to any racial discrepancy in credit score history. In 2010, an investigation by the United States Justice Department found that the financial institution Wells Fargo had used similar policies to restrict loans to certain racial groups. The investigation began after a New York Times article exposed the company’s own racially-biased lending practices. The Times reported that loan officers had referred to their Black customers as â€Å"mud people† and to the subprime loans they pushed on them â€Å"ghetto loans.† Redlining policies are not limited to mortgage lending, however. Other industries also use race as a factor in their decision-making policies, usually in ways that ultimately hurt minorities. Some grocery stores, for example, have been shown to raise prices of certain products in stores located in primarily Black and Latino neighborhoods. Impact The impact of redlining goes beyond the individual families who were denied loans based on the racial composition of their neighborhoods. Many neighborhoods that were labeled â€Å"Yellow† or â€Å"Red† by the HOLC back in the 1930s are still underdeveloped and underserved compared to nearby â€Å"Green† and â€Å"Blue† neighborhoods with largely white populations. Blocks in these neighborhoods tend to be empty or lined with vacant buildings. They often lack basic services, like banking or healthcare, and have fewer job opportunities and transportation options. The government may have put an end to the redlining policies that it created in the 1930s, but as of 2018, it has yet to offer adequate resources to help neighborhoods recover from the damage that these policies inflicted. Sources Coates, Ta-Nehisi. â€Å"The Case for Reparations.†Ã‚  The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 17 Aug. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.â€Å"1934: Federal Housing Administration Created.†Ã‚  Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston, www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1934-FHA.htmlâ€Å"The Legacy of Redlining in Rust Belt Cities.†Ã‚  Belt Magazine, beltmag.com/the-legacy-of-redlining-in-rust-belt-cities/.Redlining (1937- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed, www.blackpast.org/aah/redlining-1937.â€Å"Understanding Fair Housing,† U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Clearinghouse Publication 42, February 1973. Electronically accessed,  law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr11042.pdfLab, Digital Scholarship. â€Å"Mapping Inequality.†Ã‚  Digital Scholarship Lab, dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 130

Essay Example Intelligence is form of capital that has been emphasized in the story. There is also the human capital that is used to aid in the production process. To Henry, Portia was also a form of capital as she helped him carry out his deals successfully. Therefore, capital in this context is anything that helps a person earn money or make wealth. 4. Portia and Henry in their conversations talk about salary and love. According to them, there is a positive relationship between romance and business. In their relationship, they used their romance to do business. Accompanying each other to different business occasions, planning together on their next move and acting as each other’s aide in business meetings complimented their relationship. 5. According to Thorstein Veblen, â€Å"pecuniary emulation† means the behavior in which people try to emulate other people who are socially well off. He observes that as people increasingly acquire wealth, their social class and lifestyles changes. As these aspects of their lives change, they are seen by others to live decently and comfortably. They act as role models as those who envy them try to emulate their behavior and lifestyles. As a result, they try to improve on their earnings and acquire things that closely resemble those of the high people in the society. 6. From Benjamin’s story â€Å"The Way to Wealth,† the â€Å"plain clean old Man, with white Locks† cites the idea, supposedly from Poor Richard that we should â€Å"oversee our own Affairs with our own Eyes, and not trust too much to others† and that we should act independently and avoid debt, yet Richard himself is gratified that others cite his sayings and buy his almanacs, which makes his arguments and ideas be in opposition with the reality. Purchase of his almanacs and other authors citing him are in contradiction to his own reasoning. Benjamin advocates for independency in people’s reasoning and way of doing things, which is however not true